Appeasement Policy- Failure

Appeasement was the policy adopted by the British and French prime ministers in 1930s towards Germany. The aim of which was to settle international quarrels by satisfying Germany’s grievances, thereby avoid the resort to war which in other words, maintain peace. There are several reasons to why the appeasement policy was adopted. Such as, Britain and France were both suffering from economic depression and thus felt that they could not afford to spend a large expenditure on arms to combat Germany.Besides, there was a feeling that the treaty of Versailles was too harsh towards Germany and it was reasonable to reduce the policies. The appeasement policy was based on the idea that what Hitler wanted was reasonable and when his reasonable demands had been satisfied, he would stop. However it gave Hitler the confidence to demand more land, such as taking over Czechoslovakia, another step towards the Greater Germany. Later on Hitler demanded the Polish Corridor and Danzig in August 1 939, which eventually resulted in war.The appeasement policy fueled Hitler's actions to further devalue the Treaty of Versailles. Hitler broke the treaty of Versailles by sending troops to Rhineland, in addition to that Germany united with Austria which was originally banned in the Treaty of Versailles. At the same time, Germany gained time to build up their armed force and gain more military power. The policy aggravated Hitler’s ambitions and aggressions; he decided that Britain and France were unlikely ever to oppose him by force. Germany attacked Poland which at last led to WWII.If France and Britain had stood up to Germany then Hitler would not have been so bold in what he was doing. If they did not adopt the appeasement policy, they might be able to force him to back down without a fight or defeated Germany in a much shorter, less destructive war. Instead they kept giving Hitler what he wanted, hoping to appease him, which ended up Germany getting stronger and stronger u ntil defeating her required a catastrophic war. In conclusion, the appeasement policy was not effective in maintaining peace; instead it aggravated Hitler’s confidence and aggression which in the end led to WWII.

We all fall down – Essay in speech format

Good morning thank you for turning up to what will be an engaging analysis of the complexity of conflict in literature. If you ponder upon it, how many of us have experienced some form of conflict in our lives? No doubt all of you. But year 1 1, It Is the way In which we handle this conflict that moulds us Into the individuals we are today. My work In the novel We all fall down' has caused some controversy In schools simply because I paint the picture of characters who fall to metaphorically ‘get back up'.I've no doubt that if you look closely enough around this room you will associate money with these problems and that's what I'd like to explore today; the complex character that is Buddy Walker. The thing that really got the critics cranky was Buddy's escapist tendencies. The reason being that Buddy drinks, he drinks a lot to assist him in sanding down the rough edges in his highly conflicted life, and that will be the focus of our discussion today.Year 1 1, I would now offer you some valuable advice in the hope that you will learn from Buddy's mistakes, and that is that in life, it's not about how you fall down†¦ It's how you get up. Now, the main theme I implicitly explored In this novel through the experiences of Buddy Walker and Jane Jerome Is the concept of resilience. Evidently, these two vastly different characters both have vastly different levels of resilience, seen through the way they handle the conflict In their lives. But what exactly Is resilience?Resilience Is a person's ability to bounce back from setbacks, major or minor, and just the all-round ability to keep going, you could describe it differently as mental toughness. Buddy, as stated before, is an escapist. He uses many different things as tools for his escapism, the major one being his metaphorical ‘life crutch', his gin (alcohol). He uses alcohol as a form of escapism in many different instances, and I feel that the way I described the gin's significance to Buddy's escap ism perfectly sums up the character that Buddy is.A few of my favorite descriptions are â€Å"the way it (the alcohol) soothed and stroked him. † The alcohol was like his only friend. † and â€Å"The way it kept a certain haziness on the harsh realities of his life. † These quotes especially emphasize the high level of penitence Buddy has on the alcohol to act as a beacon to guide him through the fogginess of his existence, If you will. The alcohol symbolizes Buddy's weakness, It depicts his inability to overcome conflict on his lonesome and essentially characterizes him as someone who cannot ‘get back up'.Now year 1 1, Buddy is by no means a resilient character. He has little to no willpower and is perfectly happy to stand idly by while something despicable happens in front of him. I expressed this in the opening scene, the trashing. While I set the scene with a sinister tone and suspenseful language, I placed Buddy in a difficult position. A position wher e he had to choose to either test his courage and ‘be a hero' while running the risk of the losing his friends', or sit back and Just allow an utterly despicable act occur right In front of his own eyes.Of course, being the weak and nearly morally void character Buddy Is, he chose to let It happen. A stronger, more resellers character would more than likely opt to Intervene In this because they would have the mental strength to overcome It. Unlike Buddy, Jane Is a very resilient character and through all of the inflict and problems in her life, she always has the strength to bounce back. Two trashing, despite the considerable amount of physical damage to the house, mental damage to the whole family, and both physical and mental damage to Karen, Jane still finds the strength to get on with her life.Sure, she is noticeably rattled from the occurrence, but she still finds a reason to smile. That reason is Buddy. But after things with Buddy go down the drain and she is forced to p art ways with him as well as her claim to happiness and respite from everything bad in her life, she still engages to move on rather steadily. Ask yourselves year 11, if there is anyone you know that you would associate with either of these characters' traits. If you do, I'll wager that the Jane type character you know does not get along all too well with the Buddy type character.This is because strong and weak individuals obviously oppose each other, and their two personalities often conflict with each other. Likely, the Jane type character somewhat dislikes the Buddy type character you know, but the Buddy type is rather impartial to the Jane type. The Buddy's in our lives are often the type of errors to Just let things happen around them, while something may affect them in one way or another, they are generally not too bothered by it unless it is quite a burdening occurrence.We begin to detect this Buddy-Jane conflict in the scene where Buddy goes to Cane's temporary apartment to try and talk things over with her. Jane, of course because of her new discovery that Buddy was involved in the trashing of her house, is tired of Buddy. Tired of his hesitance and general indecisiveness. It is evident that she has gotten sick of Buddy's weakness as a person, and the resilience f their relationship has now worn out.Year 11, resilience is a fundamental human characteristic that we all need throughout the course of our lives. If you as a person are struggling to ‘get back up' time and time again, my advice to you is this: Don't let things get to you too much, and block out unnecessary sources of conflict. Like Jane, causes for grievance should be grieved over, but briefly and very occasionally. Because the most important thing in life, as corny as it sounds, is happiness. As they say year 11, life's for the living, so live it. Or you're better off dead.

Adolf Hitler Essays (2045 words) - Adolf Hitler, Mein Kampf, Fhrer

Adolf Hitler Adolf Hitler did not live a very long life, but during his time he caused such a great deal of death and destruction that his actions still have an effect on the world nearly 50 years later. People ask what could've happen to this small sickly boy during his childhood that would've led him do such horrible things? For Adolf it might have been society, rejection from his father, failure as an artist or was he born to hate? Adolf was born in Braunau, Austria in 1889. His father, Alois was a minor customs official, and his mother was a peasant girl. Adolf attended elementary school for four years and entered secondary school at the age of eleven. Adolf's dreams of becoming an artist did not match the government official job his father wanted him to have. These fights over what he wanted to be, lead Adolf to lose interest in getting good grades and dropped out at the age of sixteen. When his father died Adolf roamed the streets of Linz dreaming of his future as an artist. He attended a great deal of operas and loved the musical work by Robert Wagner. At 18, Hitler tried to enter the Academy of Fine Arts in Vienna but was rejected twice. His failure put a great deal of frustration on him. He saw himself as an artist who was rejected by "stupid" teachers. Adolf later moved to Vienna to find a way to make a living. Hitler would rather do odd jobs such as shoveling snow, or beating rugs instead of getting a regular job. Since he had no set income he was forced to move into the ghettos and became somewhat of a bum. He finally got a job painting postcards and advertisements. He had little money still, and spent most his time reading and thinking about what he read. While Hitler was in Vienna, he learned things which he later used to destroy the world. He learned that the finest thing for man to do was to conquer foreign countries, and that peace is a bad thing because it makes man weak. He was also convinced that Germans are the master race, even though he himself was Austrian. Hitler also took part in political ideas which were later used in Germany. He believed a political party must know how to use terror. He also discovered the value of appearance in politics. He thought only a man who could attract masses of people by his eloquence could succeed in politics. Hitler later became the greatest public speaker in Europe. In Vienna Hitler also learned of his hatred for Jews. "Wherever I went I began to see Jews, and the more I saw, the more sharply they became distinguished in my eyes from the rest of humanity. I grew sick to the stomach, I began to hate them. I became anti-Semitic."(1) In the spring of 1913 Hitler left for Munich, Germany at the age of 24. He left Vienna to get away from the mixture of races and to escape the military that he had to serve in with Jews. The First World War in 1914 was Hitler's chance to let go of his frustrating childhood. Hitler proved to be a brave soldier and was wounded twice and decorated twice for bravery with the Iron Cross. Hitler, like many other Germans didn't believe they were defeated by Great Britain and the U.S. in 1918. They thought they had been stabbed in the back by the Jewish slackers. After the war Hitler found himself unemployed once again and began looking for a place in politics because he felt he could do something for the country. Shortly after Hitler returned to the army and was assigned to spy on political parties which the generals thought were communist, socialist, or pacifists. Hitler was ordered to investigate a small political group called the German Worker's party. The next day he received an invitation to join the group. He decided after two days of questioning himself that he should join. After enrolling, Hitler later made it the largest political party in Germany, and became known as the Nazi Party. In 1921, the two years after he joined the party, he

Thoughts about Facebook Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Thoughts about Facebook - Essay Example This is evidenced by how students use Facebook to learn more about an area that is unique to them. The main attraction of young generation to Facebook is its ability to sell out individuals photos to the world (Dowens 1). With Facebook, people including old persons post their pictures on their respective profiles enhancing identity. Currently, communication is very easy. This is as a result of introduction of Facebook. This is evidenced by the diverse number of groups created and posted on Facebook. Communication to colleagues as well as specific persons in life is possible via Facebook. Additionally, Facebook enhances awareness through providing updates regarding nations and eminent people in the world (Dowens 1). It is the one that has enhanced many politicians such as President Obama to secure their jobs; it is used as a campaign platform. There are also some bad things about Facebook. For instance, it is evident that there is too much noise in Facebook. This is evidenced by occasional and useless notifications from unknown persons. The acceptance of notifications as well as new friends result to problems such as people unknown to you chat and comment carelessly on your posts. With Facebook privacy is jeopardized. Facebook provides lots of information about its users. Privacy has been worsened by businesses and institutions that seek popularity through this network system (Dowens 1). It is also evident that most people are attacked because of the information they have provided in the network. It is also evident that there are some dirty minds that take part in Facebook. This is evidenced by dirty pictures as well as posts posted on the site. Most of the parents might not find it interesting to see their children getting exposed to inappropriate pictures in the site. Some rumors spread via Facebook can be heartbreaking in addition to long lasting. For

History Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 3

History - Assignment Example It was the â€Å"’cruel necessity’ that made independence unavoidable† (Maier, 1997) and the â€Å"painful and harrowing† (Thomas, 2001) genesis resulted from the American Revolution. The primary cause for the revolution then was the taxes to claim ‘unlimited jurisdiction’ over the Americans. This began with the Stamp Act. For some, there were impelling economic reasons to remain within the empire for security, but especially during the war after the debacle at Quebec, the American Prohibitory Act which shut all trade with the colonies was perhaps ‘the nail in the coffin’ that â€Å"put the two Countries asunder† (Richard Henry Lee). The later hiring of mercenaries only outraged Americans towards the Crown. The other dimension that made revolution necessary was the British mishandling of their colony, and therefore the need to â€Å"sever ties with a long colonial past† (Ferling, 2004). â€Å"The Royal Navy had bombarded and burned American towns, and the colonists’ commerce had been nearly shut down by a British blockade† (Ferling, 2004). It is the war that enabled the final break because it transformed â€Å"the colonists’ deep-seated love for Britain into enmity† (Ferling, 2004). The hostilities also brought on massive unemployment, heinous cruelties, slave insurrections, and the spread of diseases. The anti-independence faction being ‘the dullest and slowest of sailors’ still needed convincing, as they feared retaliation the most, but eventually it was clear that the sword of the war was ‘opening their veins’ and this compelled Americans to fight for their freedom. At the time of the revolution, those who remained loyal t o the British crown only constituted a third of the colonists. Another third that were ‘true blue’ were prepared to fight the British redcoats arriving in New York. Success had already been achieved in Boston. However, what really precipitated the

Nurse-Patient Mandated Ratio Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Nurse-Patient Mandated Ratio - Assignment Example These are the main centers of policymaking and take initiative to educate the public at both state and federal level. Proposed legislation faces more criticism at the committee level, which is why there is need to understand the committee. Since legislators face numerous task as an advocate I can take, advantage of this situation and wield a lot of power by trying to help my own legislator in evaluation of various issues therefore influencing how he will vote on the issue. At the local level, the best strategies to employ would be making my way into the legislative arena and getting to acquaint myself with the committees and staff members of the legislative (Abood, 2007). Still at the local level, I will also try to get to understand how the legislative process works so that I can familiarize myself. Finally still at the local level I will need to identify the key players so that when I move to the state level I know whom to influence (Abood, 2007). At the state level, I will deploy the last two strategies where I get to understand how the committee works by trying to be close or interact with them at some points. Then finally, I create a good rapport with the legislator whom I will try to influence to support the necessary policies and vote for them. There are various sources of power that can increase my influence for votes. Focusing on professionalism, the key sources I get include adding credentials by doing additional courses to elevate my current position. I can also join various professional clubs and organization, which will make me gain a certain state in the society and get to interact with various professionals across the state. I can also network with the current legislator and committee members as their status can influence my popularity and thus increasing my votes. Other professional strategies I can use include participating in activities that I know will reward me

Bussiness Ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Bussiness Ethics - Essay Example Speaking more plainly, I think that it is in the best interest of the people that the government hires private military contractors to provide assistance in national defense. Though Sandel did not position himself—directly, on any particular side of the debate, he effectively raise and postulates two critical issues regarding the hiring of private military contractors—using, in particular, the case of Blackwater Worldwide as an example; one is regarding fairness and freedom and the other with regards to civic virtue and common good (81). Blackwater Worldwide which now renamed its company Xe Services was founded by former Navy Seals including its former president and founder Erik Prince. Blackwater trains its own personnel to carry out high-risk operations around the world and had successfully secure contract with the US government under President George Bush. Since 2007, the company has been involved in a string of lawsuits, investigations, and intense public scrutiny w ith their involvement in the war in Iraq and Afghanistan (â€Å"Blackwater Worldwide†). With the questionable conduct of Blackwater Worldwide, why would I still think that private military contractors should assist in national defense? Well, compared to the many utilitarian advantages, I believe that the pros far outweigh the cons.

Summary Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Summary - Essay Example Tool testing and error rates find focus in the initial part of the guidelines. The use of a database approach for the documentation of the mobile forensics procedures assists in removing the documentation of testing methods employed, by acquiring results on the several test cases, enabling calculation of tool testing errors. This information enables the presenting of mobile forensic evidence in courts in a reliable and legally acceptable manner (Baggili et al, 2007). The practitioners of computer forensic quite often need to deal with digital images as a part of the evidence requirements. Such instances include child pornography or disputes involving proprietary rights. Photographic images found in computers have a strong likelihood of having originated from digital still cameras (DSC). Computer forensic practitioners should have an understanding of the characteristics of computer images to identify the origins of the DSC images in question. This understanding enables a computer fore nsic practitioner to use the specific attributes of a DSC image to prove replicas, derivates or additional images within a particular group. Some open source software can also be employed successfully to extract images based upon the characteristics of a DSC image (Kohen, 2007). Week – 3 The usage of the iPhone mobile from Apple is growing rapidly. This has led to the need for iPhone forensics as a part of the armory of forensic and security practitioners. This study shows that it is possible to examine the logical back up acquisition of the iPhone 3GS mobile device using the Apple iTunes back up utility to provide forensically important data in the form of e-mail messages, text and multimedia messages, calendar events browsing history, GPRS locations, contacts, call history, and voicemail recording. The study explored the possibility of forensic acquisition, examination and analysis of the backup of the logical copy in the iPhone 3GS mobile. In the examination process the ai m was to find out what significant data was stored in the on the device, location of its storage in the memory, and where the data is located in the back up files. For the acquisition the freely available iTunes back up utility was used in a systematic manner to synchronize data between the iPhone and a paired computer. Testing of this methodology demonstrated that an iPhone mounted on a computer running iTunes does not change the user data portion, which means that data integrity remains intact. When a logical copy is acquired, several hundred backup files containing user data, device settings, application preferences, and status are obtained. All these back up files are encoded into XML, ASCII, or binary formats. Examination of the logical copy from an iPhone reveals that these back up files contain a wealth of data that has the potential for use as evidence in court cases (Baggili & Bader, 2010). Week – 4 Amendments made to the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure effective fr om December 1, 2006, addresses the issue of Electronically Stored Information (ESI), which also takes into consideration ESI found in small digital devices, like cell phones and Personnel Digital Assistants and their use as evidenced in court procedures. The standards employed for the admissibility of electronic evidence are found in the Frye

Wikileaks Endangered Lives Saved by Military Censorship Essay

Wikileaks Endangered Lives Saved by Military Censorship - Essay Example This is just not the case. In fact, what is usually called military â€Å"censorship† is in the best interest of our troops, our country, our government, and our liberty. One recent example of this is the Wikileaks scandal where a large number of sensitive documents were released to the public. This release of censored material shows why censorship is actually a positive thing when it comes to military documents, as it has caused problems with military security. Furthermore, it endangered not only the lives of American troops, but of Afghan civilians and everyone involved. Wikileaks and other disasters have proved that military â€Å"censorship,† far from being dangerous, is a necessary part of keeping the country safe. In the middle of 2010 and the war in Afghanistan, a website called Wikileaks began posting classified documents from the US Government. In many cases these documents being uncensored â€Å"could put the lives of Americans and our partners at risk, and t hreaten our national security† (Jones). Although it’s debatable what intent the Wikileaks project had in fighting against what they perceived as censorship, their result was definitely harmful. As Assistant Secretary of Defense for Public Affairs Douglas B. Wilson put it, the â€Å"arrogance and naivete† of fighting against military censorship â€Å"have determined and had negative consequences for national security" (Miles).

Mexican Culture Essay Example for Free

Mexican Culture Essay Food if one of the aesthetic identification of culture and tradition as it marks its progress from generation to generation, and history to history. Mexican cooking began with the arrival of humans in Mexico and as various cultures influence their cuisine, the tradition and cultural background of their menu have began to evolve. Mexican food, as we know it today, has had its primary origin in the 16th century from the introduction of European plants and food products by Spanish conquerors. This traditional mix-up has provided modification in their cuisine, which is currently evident in the Mexican food tradition. Aside from its exquisite delicacy and characteristics, Mexican food provides therapeutic function and use commonly in homemade treatment proceedings. The herbs and ingredients in the Mexican food are the key points for the provision of therapeutic action. Mexican herbs are unique in their own way. The characteristic of these herbs are the essential contributing factor for this therapy to be possible. In the course of our discussion, the Mexican culture, evidently in terms of food- wine and restaurants, shall be the primary focus of the study. The involvements of wine and food, in the sense of therapeutic action, as the primary traditional influence shall be elaborated and defined in the study. The influence of food and herbs in Mexican traditional therapy shall be also tackled in the course of discussion. Lastly, we shall explore the San Francisco California Bay and the Mexican celebration of Cinco de Mayo. The Mexican culture possesses a heritage in every unique aspect that greatly denounces its aesthetic value. Home or Traditional Therapies – Food and Herbs The Mexican traditions are composed of exquisite herbs and ingredients that provide therapeutic effects. The traditional home of Mexicans possesses no or less frequently refrigerating facility, supplies designed for classical lifestyle, and tradition rich in practical home-therapies; hence, they are more accustomed in their traditional therapeutic intervention utilizing their natural sources. In fact, Mexican possesses evident indulgence in their traditions that they prefer to have their food, and other home condiments in natural estate or made from nature-oriented proceeding. This greatly improves their health conditions, and provides them with practical source of therapeutic interventions. The basic feature of Mexican foods is its unique way of expressing its spiciness and traditional aroma. One of the spices that provide therapeutic effects in the body is the Capsaicin, which is a primary constituent of peppers such as the jalapeno and the habanero. Capsaicin has several uses, including use in personal defense sprays and as to relieve arthritis pain. When first applied to skin, capsaicin causes local heating and irritation. However, after repeated use, the area becomes desensitized to pain without loss of the sense of touch (Fox Whitesell, 1997 p. 550). Capsaicin pepper has been found to work as an anticoagulant, thus possibly helping to prevent heart attacks or strokes caused by the formation of clots in blood vessels. It also stimulates the production of endorphins, which is the body’s natural painkillers, and kills the stomach bacterium known to cause ulcers. Another pepper is the Cayene, which is an important constituent of Mexican hot sauce. Cayene adds the spicy zip to many ethnic foods, such as Thai and Mexican food, and can be used in marinades and barbecue sauces. This pepper is rich in vitamin C, A, B-complex, E and other minerals (Balch, p. 147 2003). Another food ingredient of Mexican foods that possesses therapeutic aid is the pumpkin seeds. The seeds from the pumpkin, also known as pepitas, are popular ingredient in Mexican dishes, and are available with or without their shells. This pepitas provide essential means of treating constipation due to its fiber content. Moreover, it is blended with Mexican traditional recipes such as burittos or Nachos, not only to provide exquisite taste but also to institute unique flavoring. These pepitas are high in calories and insoluble fibers, which help primarily in inducing in digestive tract thereby facilitating decrease of occurrence of constipation (Gilbert, 2000 p. 178). In terms of Mexican wine, it provides unique blends of tradition served in stemmed glasses. Wine is the usual pair of Mexican foods in order to suit the spiciness of the dishes. Mexican wine classifications possess the usual red and white wine, which are primarily obtained from fruits mixed with spices. The northern end of Baja California is one of the places in Mexico that is known to brew wine at its best (Dumois, n. d). Citizens of Mazahua and Otoml living in Central Mexico drink pulque from childhood, because of both its nutritional properties and scarcity of water. Pulque is an alcoholic beverage obtained from maguey, which composes primarily of complex fruit sugars (Peele Grant, 1999 p. 93). Wine quickens the pulse, raises the spirits, and prophylactic against disease and as a dietetic aid. It is also used as medicine in acute and chronic diseases. Wine is proven good for cardiovascular system, especially in reducing risks of arteriosclerosis or other cardiovascular-degenerative disorders. Food Herbs Mexican Traditions Mexican diet of today is rich in a variety of foods and dishes that represent a blend of pre-Columbian, Spanish, French, and more recently, American culture. The typical Mexican diet is rich in complex carbohydrates, provided mainly by corn and corn products, beans, rice, and breads, The typical Mexican diet contains an adequate amount of protein in the forms of beans, eggs, fish and shellfish, and a variety of meats, including beef, pork, poultry, and goat. Because of the extensive use of frying as a cooking method, the Mexican diet is also high in fat. The nutrients most likely to be inadequately provided are calcium, iron, vitamin A, folic acid and vitamin C (Spark, 2007 p. 258). In many cultures, food has symbolic meanings related to family traditions, social status, and even health. Indeed, many folk remedies rely on food. Some of these have gained wide acceptance, such as the use of spices and herbal teas for purposes ranging from allaying anxiety to preventing cancer and heart disease. Mexicans use these herbal teas as dietary or reducing drinks to induce further or hasten metabolism as well as digestive functions. In fact, herbal teas are healthy enough that the old Mexican traditions practice its drinking almost everyday. This tea is composed of basic Mexican herbs, such as cinnamon, parsely, etc. , and blended with intrinsic Mexican spices; hence, some of their teas are blended with mild spiciness (Insel etal, 2004 p. 9). The traditional Mexican diet is rich in fresh vegetables, which are generally used only when in season. The spices used in Mexican cooking are common to many cuisines, and yet, there are a number of seasonings that are unique to Mexican food. Chile peppers are used as a dry spice as well as a fresh ingredient. There are many types, with the most common being ancho, habenero, jalapeno, New Mexican green, New Mexican Red, poblano and Serrano. These peppers range from mild, like poblano, to the extremely hot habanero. Other herbs and spices that flavor Mexican cuisine are anise, cilantro, cinnamon, clove, cumin, garlic, marjoram, Mexican oregano and thyme. The herbs and spices, particularly the Mexican oregano and chilli peppers, are used in various ceremonies and traditional celebrations. The chilli peppers are given to tests the spice tolerance of participants during fiestas. Oregano, on the other hand, is believed by locals to alleviate various diseases and administered via its boiled leaves. Oregano is another traditional Mexican her that cures fever, cough and colds, sore throat problems and sometimes used to treat bruises, insect bites and mild pruritic or fungal infection when used in topical preparation (Koeller La France, 2005 p. 222). Another Mexican herb that provides utmost therapeutic effects is Ginger, which is technically a rhizome or underground stem. This is used in variety of meals ranging from simple porridge to complex traditional meal. Mexican ginger is good at alleviating gastrointestinal tract symptoms, such as motion sickness, gastric musculature or tachygastria and gastric immobility. It is usually prescribed by the locals for treating hyperacidity, and abdominal pains related to acidic conditions. Moreover, ginger is also used to treat conditions involving throat spasms by functioning as a throat relaxant and relieving throat irritation (Koeller La France, 2005 p. 222). Mexican culture and tradition involves variety of herbs that are, basically, the ingredients of most of their traditional meal such as the ever-famous burritos and nachos, and the wines and teas provide therapeutic benefits as well. San Francisco California Bay The Mexican American population is evidently present in the San Francisco California Bay area. From the San Franciscos Mission District to San Jose, Chicanos possesses the highest population index, ranging from 65% to 80% of the residents, in the San Francisco Bay Area. Mexican immigrants feel at home in these areas already even if they are living with American citizens. However, population project is one major problem occurring at this point. Demographic studies predict that the greatest population growth rates of Mexican immigrants will be from the influx of undocumented individuals. Mexican immigrants are also expected to have high fertility rates, creating a younger generation of American-born children whose immigrant parents make an â€Å"at risk† population (Gilbert, 2000 p. 178). Cinco de Mayo and Mexican Restaurants Talking now about the famous Mexican restaurants found in the area, Cinco de Mayo Taqueria is the starting point of discussion. The name of Cinco de Mayo meand 5th day of May in Spanish, and denotes a regional celebration or holiday. Although this is not an obligatory holiday, there are lots of individual going and participating in this one time per year celebration. Cinco de Mayo, or May 5, commemorates the Mexican victory over the French army at The Battle Of Puebla in 1862. It is not, as many people think, Mexicos Independence Day, which is actually Sept. 16. During this Cinco de Mayo, many people are turning to tequila and cerveza, Spanish for beer, to celebrate another holiday that for some means nothing more than another excuse to drink exorbitant amounts of alcohol. Commonly misinterpreted as Mexicos Independence Day, Cinco de Mayos meaning has been clouded by partying. In Mexico, Cinco de Mayo is celebrated throughout the country, especially in the state of Puebla and in Mexico City. Military parades complete with marching bands and traditional music, pay tribute to all the soldiers, civilians and heroes who gave their lives for their country. The celebration lasts all day, with food, dancing, mariachi bands, laughter and fellowship (McClenahan, 2005). Ironically, celebrations of Cinco de Mayo are more widespread and elaborate in the United States. Mexican American communities in states such as Texas, California, and Arizona celebrate this occasion with parades, fairs, marchias, folkloric dance, and the best of all is the Mexican cuisines (McClenahan, 2005). Moreover, Cinco de Mayo of 1989 illustrates how women worked to bridge ethnic and racial groups in a public way while expressing their own identities. Cinco de Mayo is an ethnic festival, which is the same as St. Patrick’s Day, that has transcended ethnic barriers. The Mexican community and even other ethnic diversion from different places and culture gather in this party. In the United States, Cinco de Mayo is a major cultural festival, wherever significant numbers of people boast Mexican descent. Throughout the Southwest, people of all ethnicities gather to eat Mexican food and drink Mexican beer, wine and other alcoholic beverages (McClenahan, 2005). People from other ethnic origins join this huge festivity every year and celebrate the Mexican culture. The basic interest of other ethnic groups in joining this celebration is rarely due to historical reasons, but most of the time, to celebrate the exquisite characteristics and features of Mexican culture. Reference Balch, P. A. (2003). Prescription for Dietary Wellness. Avery. Dumois, L. (n.d. ). INSIDE MEXICO THE SERIES: THE SPIRIT OF WINE.Retrieved November 11, 2007, from http://www. mexconnect. com/mex_/travel/ldumois/ldcwine1. html Fox, M. , Whitesell, J. K. (1997). Organic Chemistry. Jones and Bartlett Publishers. Gilbert, M. N. (2000). Virtues of Soy: A Practical Health Guide and Cookbook. Upublish. com. Insel et. al, P. M. (2004). Nutrition. Jones and Bartlett Publishers. Koeller, K. , La France, R. (2005). Lets Eat Out! : Your Passport to Living Gluten and Allergy Free. R R Publishing. McClenahan, B. (2005, May 5). Oregon students celebrate Cinco de Mayo. University Wire, (n. d. ). Central Mexican Culture. Retrieved November 11, 2007, from Colibri: http://www. colibrimexicanbistro. com/ (n. d. ). Mamacita. Retrieved November 11, 2007, from Mamacita: http://www. mamacitasf. com/ (n. d. ). Tres Agaves. Retrieved November 11, 2007, from Tres Agaves: http://www. tresagaves. com/about. html Peele, S. , Grant, M. (1999). Alcohol and Pleasure: A Health Perspective. Psychology Press. Spark, A. (2007). Nutrition in Public Health: Principles, Policies, and Practice. CRC Press.

Surveillance of US Citizens

Surveillance of US Citizens Will the technology that one day has been used to track enemies of the state and to haunt terrorists be used in domestic surveillance of the U.S citizens on U.S soils. Is it possible that we may see thousands of these drones roaming freely in the skies of the U.S . Actually, According to the federal Aviation Administration (FAA)’s expectations the U.S airspace is going to have over 30,000 drones moving freely in less than 20 years. The Usage of drones in domestic surveillance fuels the steaming debate taking place nowadays between advocates of full civil liberties and the proponents of stricter measures to track unlawful acts and especially the ones related to National security threats and terrorism. It also adds more to the controversy of whether the usage of these drones in domestic surveillance is considered a search that needs a warrant according to the U.S constitution’s 4th amendment or not. Due to the dynamism of science, everyday there is something new concernin g this technology. Surveillance drones have several types. They differ in the degree of sophistication and precision. Drones with the ability to see through walls may be available in the very near future. These developments just add more to the concerns over civil liberties and stimulate a legislative interference to end the controversy or at least try to. â€Å"The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated†. These are the mere words of the constitution in its 4th amendment which forms the basic right of privacy for the U.S American people. In the light of this text, and the many Supreme Court rulings which were accordingly uttered, legislators should find their paths to a legislation which regulates the usage of drones on U.S soil and at the same time be compatible with the U.S constitution. In order to do that they should tackle more than one issue. First, Location of surveillance whether it’s in homes, backyards or public places or even the national borders of the country. Second, the sophistication of the technology used and its lawfulness and finally, the duration of surveillance. Starting with the location, according to the mentioned words from the constitution above and the Supreme court ruling in (Katz v. United States)[1],there is a direct relation between the location of surveillance and the assumption of privacy by the targeted person. In (Katz vs. United States) the court loudly set the perception that as long as the targeted person is not expecting to be publically seen or witnessed and as long as he/she took the considerations not to be seen then any surveillance or search performed without a warrant is considered unlawful. Thus In homes, privacy is expected by public and cannot be invaded unless there is a warrant. Regarding the curtilage of a private property, it is also considered a part of the property secured from unwarranted surveillance. Yet this does not negate the fact that curtilage can be seen and monitored by the naked eye and from several vantage points. As long as the action of monitoring does not involve sophisticated equipment and through a vantage point it is allowed without a warrant. In two main precedents of the Supreme Court (In California v. Ciraolo and In Florida v. Riley) the police officers received tips that both individuals were growing marijuana in their backyard. The officers flew an aero-plane few feets above their backyards where they saw with their naked eyes the action of growing unlawful substances. In both cases, this action was not considered a search that needs a warrant since officers saw the action and the convicted never tried to prevent the action of seeing and they did not assume privacy since the place was already exposed. By applying these two incident s on the usage of drones for surveillance it may be assumed that it would be reasonable enough to consider using them instead of launching planes to monitor an action. As a matter of fact, this assumption may be a bit far from truth simply since there is another factor which was not taken into consideration. This factor is the degree of expectancy by the suspect to be monitored. Due to the rarity of drones in the U.S skies nowadays (around 300 licenses), being watched by a drone would never be deemed by the public as an expected thing in the contrary to planes which normally travel over houses. This would raise questions around the legitimacy of the usage of drones in the first place. Finally, when it comes to the borders of the U.S, one of the main missions of the U.S government is to defend the U.S soil against any kind of attack or illegal entry of aliens or substances. The Supreme Court has been quite conservative when dealing with the issue of borders’ security. They consider it as a holy duty of the U.S law enforcement and army and they try as much as they can not to interfere. The usage of drones to monitor the borders would be of less controversy due to the deep need of all kinds of security measures to prevent the unlawful violations that take place almost daily on the borders nowadays. Regarding the technological breakthroughs each and every moment in the world of drones, a regulation that determines the level of sophistication accepted to be used is severely needed. These drones now have the ability to wander in the air for very long times and it is expected in the near future to theoretically have the ability to stay in air forever. The drones may be equipped with face recognition devices or even laser radars which may allow seeing through walls. On one side this may be good news for law enforcement institutions that things is going to be way easier in capturing the bad guys and would help in diminishing of the budgetary expenses. On the other hand it really raises a factual concern over the constitutionality of anticipating such technological developments or at least shows the need of a strict regulation of usage or things may get messy. As a legislative solution I see that the usage of drones on U.S soil in domestic surveillance should be considered an action of search that needs a warrant under the 4th amendment and any action of surveillance without a warrant should be considered unlawful. A warrant should be initiated according to tangible evidence or plausible suspicions that an individual/group is doing an action that is considered according to the U.S laws unlawful. The court should assess the suspicion and accordingly determine the duration by which after it the warrant expires with maximum of 30 days to be renewed according to new evidence or a probable cause. There may be some exceptions by which law enforcement may automatically respond by using drones without the need of warrants and these exceptions are as follows: The existence of an imminent danger that threaten the U.S borders and needs to be obstructed or monitored closely. By imminent danger illegal entry of aliens/ illegal substances / arms is mean t. Another exception would be in the case of emergencies like (natural disasters or fires etc†¦). Third exception would be a threat to the national security of the country assessed by the department of National security. The secretary of homeland security takes the decision of using the drones. In all exceptions stated above a warrant shall be initiated after 48 hours from the decision of using the drones. The legislative frame work above just offers a compromise between making use of such a fascinating technology and ensuring that civil liberties to the maximum extent possible are safe and sound. I would like to conclude with words of Justice Scalia (Associate Justice  of the  Supreme Court of the United States) which sums up the whole dilemma we’re living through here. He says and I quote† It would be foolish to contend that the degree of privacy secured to citizens by the fourth amendment has been entirely unaffected by the advance of technology †¦.. The question we confront today is what limits there are upon this power of technology to shrink the realm of guaranteed privacy. â€Å" [1] In Katz v. United States, decided in 1967, the Court held that an FBI agent’s use of a bug to listen to the private conversations of Mr. Katz while in a telephone booth violated his Fourth Amendment rights. Although he was in a public telephone booth and there was no physical invasion, the Court noted that what a person â€Å"seeks to preserve private, even in an area accessible to the public, may be constitutionally protected.

The Silk Road Essays -- Chinese History

Long before there were trains, ships and airplanes to transport goods from one place to another, there was the Silk Road. Beginning in the sixth century, this route was formed and thus began the first major trade system. Although the term â€Å"Silk Road† would lead one that it was on road, this term actually refers to a number of different routes that covered a vast amount of land and were traveled by many different people. Along with silk, large varieties of goods were traded and traveled along this route both going to and from China. Material goods were not the only thing that passed along this path, but many religions were brought into China via the Silk Road. These topics will be discussed in detail in this paper. From Babylon in the west to Chang’an in the east and from Jada Gate in the north to Patna in the south, the Silk Road stretched over a wide space of the Asian and Middle Eastern countries. There was not one road or one direct route between the many stops between these destinations. The caravans that traveled the Silk Road mainly skirted the Taklimakan desert, also called the â€Å"Land of the Dead† by the people in that area. Nomadic tribes traveled from oasis to oasis, often with little or no protection from bandits. These bandits were accustomed to engaging in raids on the merchants that used this route to trade with other countries, attacking and stealing from the merchants and later selling what they acquired in this nefarious manner. It is important to note that while the deserts were a challenge to navigate, the highest mountain ranges also made travel difficult. Many of the people who used this trade route never traveled far, but instead traded goods many times between merchants. It is because of these ... ...hina as well. Along the Silk Road, Buddhism, Christianity, and Manichaeism also migrated towards the east. The Silk Road supported trade of goods and services and the spread of ideas and religions, beginning the shrinking of the world to the relatively small place it has become in our time. Works Cited Wild, Oliver. Department of Earth System Science; University of California Irvine, "The Silk Road." Last modified 1992. Accessed March 31, 2012. http://ess.uci.edu/~oliver/silk.html. Lendering, Jona. LIVIUS Articles on Ancient History, "Silk road." Last modified 03/30/2012. Accessed March 31, 2012. http://livius.org/sh-si/silk_road/silk_road.html. Major, John. Asia Society, "Silk Road: Spreading Ideas and Inovations." Last modified 2012. Accessed March 31, 2012. http://asiasociety.org/countries/trade-exchange/silk-road-spreading-ideas-and-innovations.

Essay --

The Life of Nelson Mandela Most people have heard the name Nelson Mandela from recent news, but many of them haven't heard his whole story. Mandela not only had a monumental impact on South Africa's history, but also helped to shape the country into what it is today. He's not only had a significant influence on his country, but also the world. From early on, he dreamed of helping the South African people fight for their freedom. This dream definitely became reality. Mandela and the legacy he left behind will be remembered for years to come. Mandela was born on July 18, 1918 as Rolihlahla Mandela, but one of his teachers later gave him the name Nelson. He was adopted at the age of nine, and his father died when he was twelve. For college, Mandela started out at the University of Fort Hare, but was expelled nearly a year later for taking part in a protest. He then picked up his education at the University of Witwatersrand and continued studying law. He didn't get his official degree until 1989, during the last few months of being imprisoned. In 1944, Mandela became a part of the ...

Rene Magrittes Ceci nest Pas Une Pipe and Les Deux Mysteres :: Art Painting Artist Essays

Rene Magritte's Ceci n'est Pas Une Pipe and Les Deux Mysteres The aesthetic value of Rene Magritte’s paintings is driven by a relationship manufactured by the artist. By specifically targeting an audience who can recognize that a set of established artistic interpretations are being challenged in his paintings, Magritte generates a dialectic argument that attempts to deconstruct Plato’s mimetic interpretation of art. As a result, the painting of a negated representation contained within a painted representation of that same object necessarily appeals to a subjective and not objective desire to comprehend Magritte’s intent. In other words, because we (the audience) know that you (the artist) know that your breaking the â€Å"rules,† a specific interest rather than a disinterested idea of beauty influences the aesthetic judgment of Magritte’s work. The we know that you know concept in Magritte’s paintings Ceci n’est Pas Une Pipe and Les Deux Mysteres effectively illustrates the nebulous connotations of beauty and the difficulty of determining an objects aesthetic value. Because of the complexity of ideas created by the different perspectives inherent in all creative endeavors, critics and philosophers, such as Joseph Addison and Immanuel Kant, have attempted to define the parameters of aesthetic judgment. Consequently, Addison and Kant each developed an argument that identified the parameters of aesthetic judgment and highlighted the sense of taste necessary for the recognition of beauty. As a result, in the interpretation of Magritte’s paintings, both Addison and Kant would conclude-- from different reasons drawn from their respective arguments--that Magritte’s work fails to attain a level of achievement consistent with the beautiful. At the top of Addison’s triarchy of aesthetic judgment or taste is the idea that â€Å"true wit† (an Addison synonym for beauty) is grounded in the â€Å"resemblance of ideas†¦ that gives delight and surprise† to an individual (Addison, 264). Working primarily as a source of literary criticism, Addison’s argument about the judgment of taste appears in his Spectator essays that are nonetheless dedicated to the defense of all â€Å"higher† forms of artistic endeavors and to the supremacy of â€Å"polite society† as the guardians of true wit (Lecture). For Addison, the ability to recognize true wit represented a necessary prerequisite for an individual’s acceptance into polite society. Further more, Addison’s argument implied that the judgment of beauty, although based on an ideal of objectivity, is in part an empirical knowledge gained from the â€Å"rules and arts of criticism† that provided the â€Å"accuracy and co rrectness† for contemporary true wit to exist (Addison, 261).

Unit 3 – Supporting Children

E1. Five pieces of current legislation are: 1. Sex Discrimination Act 1975 2. Equality Act 2006 3. Childcare Act 2006 4. Race Relations Act 2000 5. Special Educational Needs and Disability Act 2001 E2. The Sex Discrimination Act 1975 states that we should not discriminate on the grounds of gender and that both genders should be treated equally with the same rights. This means that practitioners should involve boys and girls in all activities and should not make comments such as ‘Girls are more sensible than boys’. Equality Act 2006 provides a legal framework to protect the rights of individuals and advance equality of opportunity for all.That means that practitioners should treat all children as an individual and give children equal opportunities as children have individual needs that should be met. Childcare Act 2006 incorporates the welfare standards with which all settings registered to work with children under 8 years must comply, and also provides a learning framewo rk for children aged 0-5 years called the Early Years Foundation Stage. The welfare requirements affect much of the day-to-day practice within settings, for example the adult to child ratio in rooms.Race Relations Act amended 2000 apply to discrimination on the grounds of colour, race, nationality and ethnic and national origins. It states that practitioners should give equal opportunities to all children no matter what their race, nationality and ethnic origin is. Special Educational Needs and Disability Act 2001 states that practitioners should not treat disabled children less favourably than other children. It also states that schools must ensure that they make reasonable adjustments to ensure that children with disabilities are not placed at a disadvantage.E3. Safeguarding is defined as: All agencies working with children, young people and their families taking all reasonable measures to ensure that the risks of harm to children's welfare are minimized. Policies and Procedures w ill help safeguard children by making sure that all steps are taken to protect children and young people from harm. To ensure this create an environment in the setting which encourages children to develop a positive self-image, regardless of race, language, religion culture and home background.Encourage children to develop a sense of autonomy and independence and enable children to have the self-confidence and the vocabulary to resist inappropriate approaches. Following the correct procedures in the setting is essential because if there is an accident and you have followed all the correct procedures then the accident is not your fault; however if you haven't followed the correct procedures then you are responsible for any accidents that happen and the consequences are your fault. Special Educational Needs and Disability Act 2001 states that practitioners should not treat disabled children less favourably than other children.It also states that schools must ensure that they make reas onable adjustments to ensure that children with disabilities are not placed at a disadvantage Another policy that will safeguard children is Health and Safety Policy. This policy aims to ensure that settings both inside and outside are secure, safe and healthy place for children, parents, staff and other people to be around in. This policy also aims to prevent accidents, injuries and ill-health, and it makes sure all staff is aware of potential hazards within the setting and the surrounding environment. E4.An Inclusion policy ensures that all pupils are fully included in all aspects of school life and have an equal opportunity no matter what their gender, religion, race, background, specific difficulty or physical ability is. This policy aims to support the individual needs of each and every child recognising their rights and raising awareness. By having a relations or partnership with parents’ policy in place a setting, helps a setting to recognise that parents and carers ar e the first educators of their children. â€Å"Parents are children’s first and most enduring educators.When parents and practitioners work together in early years settings, the results have a positive impact on children’s development and learning. † Commitment 2. 2 Parents as Partners, EYFS The policy’s aim is to work in partnership with parents and carers in providing an environment that supports and involves them in the setting. A setting can do this by informing parents of how the setting operates, opening times and policies and procedures through written information on notice boards and involve parents in the shared development record keeping about their child and ensure they have access to their child’s developmental records..Another policy that is provided to promote fair, just and inclusive strategies is ‘Equal Opportunities’. This policy is designed to provide opportunities for all people to achieve according to efforts and ab ilities. This policy means individuals will be catered for and they will be given equality of opportunity no matter what disability, ethnic origin, medical condition, gender, special educational need, religion and age. As a practitioner working in a setting you must understand that everyone is equal and everyone has different needs and abilities. E5.One strategy which my setting uses to empower children to develop independence and self reliance is arrival time. When children arrive to school they have few jobs to do before they sit down on the carpet. Firstly what they have to do is put their book bags in correct box Hares, Rabbit or Reading Group Box it depends on which group they are in and whether it is their turn to read. To find out if it is their turn to read they look up on the reading board to see if their picture is up. Once they have done this they have to do the same with their lunch boxes.Then its time to find their pegs and hang up their coats. All children have their o wn pegs with their picture and name on them which makes it easier for children to find their pegs. Finally children say goodbye to their parents and sit down on the carpet in their sitting spaces. Another strategy that my setting uses to empower children to develop independence and self reliance is ‘Special Helper Day or sometimes called VIP day. All children in the classroom have a turn to be a VIP. Children have special jobs to do when it is their turn to be VIP. In the morning the teachers tells children who theVIP is and give children a VIP sticker. Then children are asked to take the register and money basket to the office and on the way back to get the fruit box. Throughout the day VIP’s are responsible for giving the fruit and milk out at snack time and during the day the help the teacher in simple task such as giving the paper out or putting pencil trays on the tables. E6. Transition is a time of change, when children pass through the various stages of life. For the baby this can mean being weaned from milks to solid foods, and for the child it means starting nursery and then school.There are many strategies and examples of how childcare settings can prepare children for transfer or transition. These are listed below: Parents can become as anxious as their children about the move to a new class. Practitioners will regularly have meetings for ‘new parents’ before their children start school. Also, most mainstream provisions have meetings when parents can meet their child’s new teachers; where staff can talk to parents formally about the routines and informally to get to know each other.It is an opportunity to show parents the layout of the setting, and all the practical things which parents need to know about and for them to meet new staff. Reading books, leaflets, brochures and hearing stories that deal with the subject of transition will prepare and support children. This helps to familiarise children with the transiti on process and helps minimise the fear of the unknown. Some children whose second language is not English will find it difficult to communicate or interpret the information provided and the setting will need an interpreter to ease the child’s transition.Ensuring that all documentation about a child is organised and ready to be passed on to a parent/carer or other professionals as appropriate to the situation- For example a key person may hand on a child’s developmental records. Children having comfort objects brought from home will ensure that a child has a smoother transition. Having a comfort object offers children psychological comfort and security especially in unique or unusual situations and also encourages independence.Allowing plenty of opportunities for children to express their feelings and emotions through imaginative and expressive play will ease transition and develop self help skills. Imaginative play helps children to work out ‘real life situations ’ which then helps them to replay the situations which helps children to create solutions to life which is essential for early childhood onwards. Expressive play helps children to release their emotions which will help a child who has just started in a setting to feel more confident.It will help to learn to express emotion more effectively. By having information given by the parent/carer a setting will be more aware of a child’s particular needs or requirements therefore this partnership is crucial. The role of the key person is also important to provide stability for the child and security for the child. E7. Discrimination can occur because some people can have very stereotypical attitudes by having a judgemental approach against children they don’t know and they then assume they know what the children are capable of.Assuming you know what the children are capable of can lead to telling them they can’t do certain activities that other children are doing, when actually they may be capable of it, however even if they aren’t they should be given a chance to try the activity and develop their skills, if they are struggling. Discrimination against any child regardless of their needs can make them feel isolated and different to other children. Very often children with special needs have a very difficult time trying to fit in with other children especially if they are in a mainstream school.All children can be very unintentionally cruel to one another and should be helped to understand that everyone is different and how this is good. Example: In our setting we promote inclusion and we treat everyone the same and explain to other children â€Å"we are alike but different. † A lot of discrimination can be caused by school children thinking they are better than other children. Children don’t understand that everyone is equal and have the same right. Most often children make comments about other children that come up unde r discrimination. For example they may say: ‘I don’t want to play with black children’.This will make children that are different ethnic background feel different, and picked on. They may feel lonely and left out as other children don’t want to play with them because there skin colour is different. â€Å"Children who are discriminated against may not feel they are valued and so may lose confidence, or they may find that other people have low expectations of what they can achieve. This may mean that they are not given the opportunity to acquire new skills or try out new activities as it is assumed they will not be able to cope† (Tassoni et al. 2005 Page 82. (Children’s Care Learning and Development Level 2, Heinemann, Page 82) D1. There are many issues relating to practice which support children to prepare for transitions. Gathering Information about the setting. It is useful to find out information about school/nursery before parents make a d ecision which school/nursery to send their child to. Parents can look up the information on the setting’s website where they can get some background information. They may also read Brochures/Prospectus. These can be useful as they may contain photographs which will be easier for children to visualise where they are going.Parents can also make a phone call to get some more information about the setting; they could also arrange a visit to the setting. Parents could also ask other parents about the setting as other parents may have children that go to the certain setting. However these would be just opinions from other parents. Talking about school with children It is important to talk with children about school, discussing what it might be like and what will happen during the day. To do this effectively, it may be helpful to school or the teacher who will work with the child to find out some more information about the routine.It is important to avoid building overly unrealistic expectations about what school will be like, as a child’s disappointment when the first day is not as they expected may have an effect on settling in process. Visits to school It is beneficial for a child to visit school before starting. Many schools/nurseries offer visits to school/classroom or when the child is moving to the toddler room etc. The more times that a child can visit the place that the child will be moving to the better as the child will get familiar with the setting and will get used to the routine , other children and teachers.Partnership with Parents It’s important that the setting has a partnership with the child parents, as the parents of the child may worry/panic about their child going into a new environment. For example, the setting could have a coffee morning where stay and play sessions can take place to the parents can watch their child play. The child’s self help skills will also have a link with their parents, For example, if a child still uses a potty the parent of the child and the child's teacher will work together to motivate the child to use the toilet.By working together with parents practitioners can find out more information about children such as child’s interest, dietary requirements or if the child needs any special help. D2. Listening to children By listening to children, children will realise that others value what they have to say and therefore children will feel accepted as individuals with their own feelings and thoughts. There are many ways that early learning and child care practitioners can help children to feel heard. During circle times children can be encouraged to share their personal stories, opinions and feelings.Practitioners can encourage children to speak by asking questions, which will give them the chance to speak and to elaborate. When children’s questions are taken seriously they feel validated and comfortable to seek answers. Taking child’s interests into th e account If a child demonstrates interest in something, practitioners can follow up by offering more opportunities for children to try activities related to his/her interests. By following up on the discussion initiated by the child’s question, it shows the child that the practitioner has heard and appreciated his expression of interest.Empowering children to seek answers engages them in the learning process. Giving children choices When children are given some guided choices appropriately and gradually or whenever possible rather than given commands all the time this helps to build up their decision making ability and self confidence. This is by far better than giving commands alone as giving children commands in upbringing stifles the child’s decision making ability which may result in an overly dependant mindset and a general lack of self confidence.B. Assuming what children are capable of can affect children because practitioners may judge them and treat them diff erently, and children will eventually notice that they are being treated differently which will affect their self –esteem and their social and emotional development. When a child feels that way they may stop trying to achieve or only attempt tasks half-heartedly. They may withdraw from activities and/or the group. This is a self-fulfilling prophecy-the less a child tries, the more likely they are to fail.This reinforces their belief that they will fail and they may try even less as a result. ‘’Discrimination of any kind prevents children and young people from developing a feeling of self-worth or self esteem. The effects of being discriminated against can last the whole of a child’s life. ‘’ C. Meggitt 2007 page 155 If a child is the subject of discrimination, they may have a lack of confidence as a result. But there are also additional issues that may have impact on their learning. Children who are discriminated against are not given equal op portunities in comparison to their peers.This can limit children’s experiences and relationships which in turn affects their learning. â€Å"Children who are discriminated against may not feel they are valued and so may lose confidence, or they may find that other people have low expectations of what they can achieve. This may mean that they are not given the opportunity to acquire new skills or try out new activities as it is assumed they will not be able to cope† Children’s Care Learning and Development Level 2, Heinemann, Page 82.If children are not given equal opportunities to attend settings, participate fully in activities and have their needs met, they are unlikely to learn effectively as children who do not experience discrimination and are therefore treated superiorly. Children are discriminated for a range different reasons for example: A practitioner will not allow boys to play with dolls and the home corner because she thinks they are girls’ t oys. A wheelchair user is encouraged to read a book inside while the other children go outside to play because the practitioner thinks they will not be able to join in with the physical activities.Children may discriminate against other children on account of their differences; this is often the form of name-calling and teasing, and may be directed at children who are either fatter or thinner than others in the group, or who wear different clothes, have a disability or are bilingual . Discrimination against any child regardless of their needs can make them feel isolated and different to other children. Very often children with special needs have a very difficult time trying to fit in with other children especially if they are in a mainstream school.All children can be very unintentionally cruel to one another and should be helped to understand that everyone is different and how this is good. Example: In our setting we promote inclusion and we treat everyone the same and explain to o ther children â€Å"we are alike but different. † C. One theoretical perspective which supports the development of strategies for empowering children is Albert Bandura’s theory. Bandura used the term ‘self efficacy’ to consider the extent in which children believe in themselves. A child with a high self-efficacy believes that they are capable of doing activities and they feel more confident.As a child with low self-efficacy has a low self-esteem and will not feel comfortable about some activities. They may make assumption that the activity is too hard and they can’t do it before even starting it. A. The Sex Discrimination Act 1975 has influenced working practices within the early year’s settings as Schools and nurseries need to ensure that nobody is discriminated on the grounds of gender. The settings needs to ensure that nor boys or girls are discriminated in the provision of play activities or during routines.In my placement we plan activit ies where all the children, boys and girls, are able to take part, for example, dressing up. ‘’The Sex Discrimination Act 1975 makes it unlawful to treat a person less favourably than a member of the other sex’’ http://www. dba. org. uk/pdfs/120-3%20Sex%20Discrimination%20Act. pdf In my setting I have seen that there is a lot of legislation in place to protect and safeguard children, their parents and families. I have found that the legislation plays part on the work practices when in the setting and it reflects on the setting’s policies and procedures.For Example; at my setting we have a policy on behaviour that states no physical punishment is allowed because the Human Right says children and adults have the right of dignity. The Equality Act 2006 has influenced working practices within the early year’s setting as now every setting has an equal opportunities policy which aims to ensure that every member of the school community is given an e qual opportunity to achieve their full potential . It also aims to offer equal opportunities regardless of race, culture, gender orientation, academic ability, physical ability or class.Provide an environment free from social, sexual or cultural prejudice for all members of our school community. Achieve an environment in which members of the school community can be respected as individuals and in which the varied experiences of the community can enrich the life of the school. Race Relations Act 2000 has influences working practices today as every settings take this Act in to the account that racial discriminatory practice is unaccepted . The Act was introduced to make discriminatory practice illegal in the United Kingdom.In practice this will mean that an organisation must be alert on how a setting promotes their service, recruits staff and make the service genuinely accessible to all. The Act defines two types of discrimination: 1. Direct Discrimination – where a person or o rganisation treats another person less favourably because of their colour, race, ethnic or racial origin. 2. Indirect Discrimination – where apparently everyone receives the same treatment, but where that treatment disadvantages people from a certain racial group.Following the Act the Commission for Racial Equality was established in order to help enforce the act, and also to advise the Government and others on issues concerning it. â€Å"The Race Relations Act 1976 and its amendment Act 2000 and the Children Act 1989 place duties on Local Authorities and others to carry out their functions with due regard to the need to promote equality of opportunity and to provide racially, culturally and linguistically appropriate. ‘’ http://www. durham-lscb. gov. k/Procedures/appendix5. shtml The Special Educational Needs and Disability Act 2001 strengthened the right of children with disabilities to attend mainstream educational facilities. It is unlawful for any school to discriminate against any disabled children or parents. Ofsted inspectors are now checking that schools are complying with the SENDA and are making sure that children with disabilities have the same rights as other people. The Disability Discrimination Act 1995 cover all four UK nations.It defines a disabled person as ‘someone who has a physical or mental impairment which is substantial and long term adverse effect on his or her ability to carry out normal day –to-day activities. Each nation has their own legislation to ensure that children with specific needs are assessed and have their needs met in most appropriate way. Settings are required to make ‘reasonable adjustments’ by either changing policy, providing alternative ways to access a provision, or by addressing physical features which make a service impossible or unreasonably difficult for disabled people to use.For example settings can make their provision more accessible by having downstairs toilet s, wider doors and ramps to the front doors. Bibliography Author| Date of publication| Title| Name of publisher| Tassoni et al| 2007| CACHE Level 3 Child Care and Education 4th Edition| Heinemann| Meggitt C et al| 2011| Children and Young People’s Workforce| Hodder Education| Miranda Walker| 2006| Child Care , Learning and Development| Nelson Thornes| Websites http://www. dba. org. uk/pdfs/120-3%20Sex%20Discrimination%20Act. pdf http://www. durham-lscb. gov. uk/Procedures/appendix5. shtml

Critique of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights Essay

The Universal Declaration of Human Rights, came as a reaction to the dreadful damages of the Second World War. This declaration was built according to the fundamentals of equality. It lists us all of our rights, all of our freedoms and how we can express them freely. It was constructed on the basic fact of it being just, equal to all, and right. However, are all articles applicable on all of mankind? Or can some of these be questioned? Generally, all of these articles should be applicable for the majority of humans, but not all of them. There is always an exception to the rule. There is always an outlier that doesn’t follow the rules. Many countries have rejected or not signed this declaration, therefore this declaration isn’t pertinent everywhere. One can find a lot of exceptions for many articles. Article 1 states that all human beings are free and equal in dignity and rights, that they are endowed with reason and conscience and should act toward one another in a spirit of brotherhood. Nonetheless, not all human beings are reasonable and conscious of everything they do. Take serial killers for example. Their acts prove of inhumanity. A man with reason and/or conscience would never do such a thing. Also, should we give unreasonable people the same rights as the ones reasonable people have? Should they have the same privilege as others even if they have no sense of reason or conscience? The United Nations General Assembly also mentioned the fact that people should act in a spirit of brotherhood. Look around you, what brotherhood? Is killing each other brotherhood? Is fighting and starting wars brotherhood? Is forgetting every moral and correct way of acting just to get to power brotherhood? A definite no is the correct answer to these questions. There are no signs of brotherhood around us. On the contrary, if one takes a close look to our surroundings and everything around us, humans, one will only notice nothing but signs of rivalry and opposition. Article 2 raises the issue of the fact that we’re all equal in terms of rights and freedoms without distinction of any kind, such as race, color, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, property, birth or other status. Despite that, distinctions according to race, color, sex, religion, etc still exist in our modern society. Movements of racism, sexism, and religions distinctions still exist, but of course, lesser than before. People are still fighting and battling to erase these distinctions completely. This is a process every person looking for an equal and just world should follow. Article 5 states that no one shall be subjected to torture or to be cruel, inhumane or degrading treatment or punishment. What about those who commit inhuman acts, those who torture other humans for the fun of it, don’t they deserve to have a taste of their own medicine? One should be treated the way one treats others. So if one tortures one another, that one shall be tortured or punished. Part 2 of article 15 articulates the fact that no one shall be deprived of his nationality. Well, what if that individual was involved in acts of high treason? What if that person turned his back on his country and denied his own nationality. That person definitely does not deserve to hold his nationality and shall be deprived from it immediately. Articles 18 and 19 talk about the fact that everyone is free to express their thoughts, opinions, religions. Some thoughts and opinions might actually harm others. Physically or mentally. In that way, it will refrain article 1. An example of such opinions/thoughts/religion would be Satanism and the Ku Klux Klan. These associations actions can damage others and hurt them. Therefore, these associations do not have the right to fully express themselves, but partially. They can only express the opinions/thoughts that do no harm to others. To sum things up, The Universal Declaration of Human Rights is inconsistent; its articles are not always suitable. This declaration is not functional in all countries as some countries did not sign it. This declaration fails in its goal of it being universal; Exceptions can be found to some articles. Pieces of this declaration can be questioned for some precise individuals. It is not always applicable and it is not always a reliable document.

Cost and Benefits of Hybrid Cars Essay

Have you pulled your car up to the gas pump lately and been shocked by the high prices of gasoline? The Auto industry has the technology necessary to address this concern. . It’s the hybrid car. Today, there are many different models out there in the market and most major manufacturers are involved in developing them. Hybrid cars will save the drivers a lot of money. The purpose of this paper is to identify the costs and show the benefits of this awesome vehicle. Identifying Costs. This section is designed to compare and contrast all the costs that we will see in the decision of purchasing a new hybrid car. It’ll include all monetary costs and all non-monetary costs. I will be comparing the costs of buying a new hybrid to other regular non-hybrid vehicles in order to better see the differences. A. Gasoline & Car Loan People are obsessed with spending less money on gas. Websites have even been created to help the penny-pinching consumer find the cheapest option close to home. Hybrid cars get really good MPG (miles per gallon). In my opinion, the best way to find out if switching over to a new hybrid car is a good idea is to compare the prices and costs. I’ll use my own car as an example, if I were to replace my paid-off 1999 Honda Accord, which only gets 25 mpg, with something more economical; I would consider a Toyota Prius or a Corolla. The following chart shows how much money I would save if I made the change. |2012 Auto |Miles per Gallon (MPG)|Monthly Gas |Sticker Price |Monthly Payment |Net Monthly | | | |Savings | | |Savings | |Toyota Prius |55 |$ 70. 71 |$21,275. 00 |$386. 56 |$(315. 85) | |Toyota Corolla |36 |$ 34. 72 |$14,005. 00 |$227. 83 |$(193. 10) | The table above, shows us how much more it is to save if purchasing a Prius over a Corolla (Hensley 2011). On the other hand we can see that the sticker price of a Toyota Prius is more expensive than the Corolla. The monthly payment above is calculated at a 5. 5% APR. However in the long run we will be saving so much more if we chose the Prius, because the money that we are saving on gas every month could be used to pay off the difference in the Sticker Price. With gas prices skyrocketing again like they did in 2008, this will be the best decision to make. The following chart will give us more insight on gas prices (Hensley 2011). [pic] B. Taxes Even though the final selling price is including taxes, there are many things to note about tax credits per hybrid car. There is no set tax credit, and it depends on what vehicle you buy, so remember not to only take into account the miles per gallon and price, but also the varying tax break incentives. The list of IRS-certified vehicles is not always the same; automakers keep producing hybrids that are qualified and adding them to the list, we need to make sure we look at the updated data. Also, another thing about hybrid tax credit is that they are reduced every year and eventually is eliminated, so make sure to check out the phase out dates that are determined by different manufacturers. Credit amounts begin to phase out for a given manufacturer once it has sold over 60,000 eligible vehicles. It is all depending on the year, for example if we go back to 2005, you can save anywhere from $500 all the way up to about $3,400 (Fuel Economy. gov). Sometimes, it can be a guessing game, but remember, we will be saving something and it adds up! Vehicles purchased after December 31, 2010 are not eligible for this credit (Fuel Economy. gov). C. Registration Fees and Other Monetary Costs The registration fee is the amount charged by the state to register a new car, assign a title (legal proof of ownership) and cover the cost of license plates. The dealer provides this service for you; saving you a trip to the DMV or registry but the money goes to the state. There are other fees that need to be paid when buying a new car such as: doc fees, taxing the trade-in, taxing rebates and dealer fees. However; when buying a Prius those fees will be the same as buying a regular car so further explanation is not necessary (Karim, Layton). D. Non-monetary costs The time it takes to go buy a car would be one non-monetary cost. Let’s say I was going to go buy today. Since I work 40-hours a week and get paid $9. 00/hr, I would have to get at least 10 hours, 5 hours off of work and 5 hours off my personal time. I could use this time to go to the dealership pick out the car and do all the loans and transactions necessary. Filling out all that paper work can take a lot of time, and since I am a college student I need time for school as well. Therefore my Non-monetary cost is 10 hours of my time from my work-time/personal time. Another cost would be the amount of gas that it takes to drive to the dealership and the time it takes me to travel there. If someone is accompanying me and helping me decide which car I want, I am also using their time which could be almost as much as my time. Benefits 1. Savings at the Pump All Hybrids get a better fuel economy than their counterparts. 2. Lower Insurance Rates Insurance rates can depend on many things such as your driving record, your age, and it can also depend on the model car you drive. Driving a Prius will lower your insurance rate from 5-10%! 3. Government Assistance The Federal Tax credit was also a great benefit although they stopped giving it at the end of 2010(Fuel Economy.gov). 4. Lower Emissions A fact that should be considered is that 97% of all vehicles in the U. S are dependent on Oil. Also with lower emissions it’ll help less Carbon Monoxide adding to Global Warming. In fact, Regular vehicles create 1/3 of the greenhouse effect (Karim, Layton). The key thing here is that the amount of pollution allowed does not depend on the mileage your car gets. But a car that burns twice as much gas to go a mile will generate approximately twice as much pollution. That pollution will have to be removed by the emissions control equipment on the car. So decreasing the fuel consumption of the car is one of the surest ways to decrease emissions (Karim, Layton). 5. Special Car-Pool Lanes In some states if you own a hybrid car, you are allowed to use a special car-pool lane regardless how many people are in the vehicle. After identifying all the monetary and non-monetary costs. We can see that the Sticker price is more expensive than purchasing a regular vehicle. However, in the long run with the gas mileage we will be receiving from this awesome hybrid technology it will payoff for everything that we’ve spent. It’s sort of an investment. If we add all the benefits, we can see that we are not only benefiting ourselves when we purchase a hybrid but we are helping the environment and our world (Fuel Economy. gov). More people are buying more hybrid cars everyday, the sales of hybrid cars increased 141% from 2004-2005 (Karim, Layton). In conclusion, I recommend everyone that if they are looking to buy a new vehicle, hybrid is the way to go. All the benefits we receive from it are totally worth it, and although the cost might be somewhat high in comparison to other cars, it’s worth it. Not only will we be saving gas driving to work, school and other places, but also we won’t take into as much consideration the price of gas next time we stop at the gas station! References Fuel Economy. gov. (n. d. ). Retrieved from http://www. fueleconomy. gov/feg/hybrid_sbs_cars. shtml Hensley, R. , Knupfer, S. M. , & Krieger, A. (2011). The fast lane to the adoption of electric cars. Mckinsey Quarterly, (1), 10-14. Nice, Karim, and Julia Layton. â€Å"How Hybrid Cars Work† 20 July 2000. HowStuffWorks. com. 04 April 2012.

Personality Profile Essay

In modern business, it is important to have a mindset of sustainability and environmentally friendly business practices. Two fundamental characteristics of an effective and sustainable leadership model are having the foresight of what the company is trying to attain and identifying the worth in the process and supplying the leadership to reach the companies goals. Leadership begins with trusting in the process, and adhering to the steps themselves. The single best way to achieve this is to lead by example. In this paper the author will explain how Marie Ziegler of John Deere help set the company on the path it follows today. Marie Ziegler has set the standard for John Deere and the employees of the company. As the vice president and treasurer for the John Deere Corporation it is within her responsibilities to ensure that the product that they are producing meets and exceeds the standards of the industry. All of John Deere’s products meet the Environmental Protection Agencies (EPA) off-highway equipment emission regulations as of 2011. The regulations set out to reduce the particulate matter in the atmosphere by 90% in addition to reducing oxides of nitrogen emissions by as much as 50% (John Deere, 2012). In one position or another Marie Ziegler has preformed various duties within John Deere since 1978. During this time Marie has grown to know the company and industry well and has helped the company to grow, remain profitable and become an industry leader. The decision to make sure that John Deere’s products met the EPA standards was just another stepping stone towards the goal of being an industry leader. The virtues of a good leader within an effective and sustainable business include vision, values, strategy and systems. Marie began with the vision to achieve a product that met the standard set forth by the EPA guidelines and pushed forward with that goal (Weitzman, H . 2010). Values, values include the practices and beliefs that the company uses to achieve success. These include people, people being the employees of John Deere who treat each other with respect which in turn promotes teamwork and the ability for the company to succeed and grow. Marie recognized that the  customers are the reason a company exists. As a good leader she understood that without customers, there is no need for the products that John Deere provides. The product and the service that any company provides is a direct reflection of the dedication of a company, its values and its employees. The conduct of a business from the president and CEO all the way down to the staff on the sales floor reflects a company’s values. Strategy is what a leader uses to develop a set of actions to follow that supports long term visions, values and objectives (Desjardins, 2007). Strategy is the crucial aspect for the integrated management system. There are key elements to developing the strategy that surrounds all the health, safety, and environmental considerations required to fulfill the strategic plan. Included within this are the planning process, setting targets and objectives, establishing and environmental policy that backs the vision of the company, contemplating which industry code of practices will be instituted, and defining the framework for communication. When these aspects are combined, they create an environmental policy that states a company’s base principals and projected intentions for environmental performance. Marie exhibits a take control type personality which is a strong leadership style. As an effective business leader she knows what needs to be done, she develops a plan and sets it in motion. When the EPA established new emissions standards Marie knew how to strategize a plan to implement the changes to John Deere’s production process in a timely manner. This meant that she had to clearly communicate the needed changes to her team of employees to enact the strategy that she developed. Communication is the key aspect to ensuring a plan is enacted properly, effectively and efficiently. One of Marie’s actions as a leader in sustainability was instilling a culture of sustainability amongst her employees by implementing sustainable practices and adhering to those policies herself in order to lead by example. In addition to leading by example she uses clear communication skills to communicate her needs to her employees to ensure her decisions as a leader are disseminated down the chain and that policies are understood by all employees and team members. Marie displays strong leadership skills and knows John Deere inside and out, she believes in the product they produce and this is an important aspect to being an effective leader in sustainability. With the leadership of Marie Ziegler John Deere can set  forth a standard that allows the company to be a leader in green sustainability. The author of this paper tries to uses general management strategies that promote sustainability within the work environment but finds that it can be difficult for an individual to do so considering the following. As an employee of EC3 International, the author’s duties are usually prescribed by test plans which leave little room to enact sustainable management methods of his own. However, the Department of Defense (DoD) and Department of the Army (DoA) have been enacting environmental standards and practices that promote sustainability and are more environmentally friendly for many years now. The army has most recently switched its primary small caliber ammunition to more environmentally friendly ammunition in order to reduce the negative environmental effects on weapons ranges. Many years ago the DoA along with the Proving Grounds implemented a new policy of no longer indiscriminately firing depleted uranium (DU) tank rounds out on to ranges. The DoA mandated that all DU test rounds must be fired into a catch box that can be cleaned out and disposed of in an environmentally friendly manner. In summary as a leader in sustainability within a company it is crucial to lead by example. No manager or business leader can expect his or her employees to conduct themselves in a professional and responsible manner unless they practice what they preach. When a leader takes a shortcut employees take note and will feel that it is not a problem to do so because their leadership does it. Marie Ziegler is an excellent example of how to conduct oneself who wishes to become a leader in sustainability. References DESJARDINS, J. R. (2007). Business, Ethics, and the Environment. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson. Lomborg, B. (2008). Cool It. New York, NY: Vintage Books. John Deere, Products, (2012). Retrieved August 10, 2012 from http://www.deere.com/wps/dcom/en_US/corporate/our_company/citizenship/environmental_stewardship/products/products.page Weitzman, H. (2010, Nov 25). Deere counts cost of emission controls. Financial Times Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/811393069?accountid=458

Expensive college tuition worth it Research Paper

Expensive college tuition worth it - Research Paper Example However, the increasing cost of education makes it difficult for a large majority of people to pursue their higher education in better universities and colleges. This paper will evaluate the American scenario of college education focusing the students as audience while analyzing the actual situations to prove whether the rising tuition fee actually add value to the higher education outcome in the country. Education at a higher level is surely meant for a rewarding purpose; therefore it incurs cost at a reasonable proportion. The term tuition fee refers to the amount required to be paid by the students for continuing a learning course in a college or university. The education institutions providing higher education looks for imparting training at international levels. The stakeholders of this process includes several aspects like state government funds, material and human resource requirements, employment agencies and supporting organizations etc. Majority of these factors are subject to changes with the economic conditions in the respective states. Rising cost of education has been a tremendous challenge before the universities and education departments in the country and it affects the number of qualified candidates in the employment market with considerable impacts. The uncontrollable increase in tuition fees poses a threat to the enrollment rates in colleges, which is an indicator of declining quality of human resources in the future years of the productive economic sector across the country. The total picture of the education system in the country shows the students as the players of a borrowing-repaying process alongside their education. At one side they are given extended loan facilities by several financial enterprises towards education; and at the other side, the educational institutions engage in a cost-shifting process in which the increasing cost of education

This paper is all about bonds and their different types Essay

This paper is all about bonds and their different types - Essay Example Let's have a glance over the definition of Bonds and their importance and usage. A debt security in which the issuer is liable to pay interest at a later date to the security holder, which termed as maturity is called bonds. More precisely we can say that a bond is a type of a loan in which the person which issues the bonds is termed as borrower and by contrast a person which holds it, termed as lender. Interest or coupon rate is the thing which becomes a bridge between the borrower and lender which ultimately constrains the value of return, and it must be repaid at fixed interval over a specified period of time. A little bit contradiction found between the bonds and stocks. In general, both are securities but stock holders are the equity stake holder of the company and known as the real owner of the entity, while the bond holders are the lenders to the issuer, which usually have a specified term of maturity after which the bond security gets redeemed (Vernimmen, 2006). According to the statistics of the Federal Reserves (FED), there are more than $1.7 trillion municipal securities, $3.6 trillion of outstanding US Treasury securities, $2.7 trillion of corporate bonds and more than $470 billion of bonds issued by the foreign governments and corporations in the United States. There are several types of bonds a corporation issues. Usually treasury bonds are referred as the government bonds, whi... anding US Treasury securities, $2.7 trillion of corporate bonds and more than $470 billion of bonds issued by the foreign governments and corporations in the United States. There are several types of bonds a corporation issues. TREASURY BONDS: Usually treasury bonds are referred as the government bonds, which are issued by the US federal government. The bonds are free from default risk because the federal government will make payments on the promised time period. Now, we are well aware with the fact that the treasury bonds have no default risk but that's not mean that such bonds are totally free from risk because the price of the bonds may increase or declines with the fluctuations in the interest rates (Vernimmen, 2006). Treasury bonds are termed as the safest bonds, because the collateral of these bonds are in the hands of the government, which attracts the confidence of the investors and become a triumph for both the corporations and the bond holders. CORPORATE BONDS: We can get an idea in an instant from the name of the corporation bonds that the bonds which are issue by the corporations in order to raise the overall equity of the firm are called corporation bonds. As compared to the treasury bonds, corporation bonds have the default risk appetite in it. It means from any contingency, if the firm envisaged a bad time on the financial health then probably the firm is unable to facilitate its bond holders or we can say that unable to meet or fulfill their financial promises and legal obligations (Cinnamon, 2006). Level of default risk varies with the characteristics of the corporate bonds, which often refereed as "credit risk". MUNICIPAL BONDS: Municipal bonds are also issued by the local government. Its also have default risk like the corporation bonds.